Research Papers:

The Structure of Simple General Equilibrium Models      
Jones, R.W. (1965)

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the structue of the simple competitive model of production in a manner designed to highlight both the dual relationship and the similarity that exists among a number of traditional problems in comparative statics and economic growth.

Comparative Advantage, Trade, and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods      
Dornbusch, R., S. Fischer & P.A. Samuelson (1977)

Abstract: This paper discusses Ricardian trade and payments theory in the case of a continuum of goods. The analysis thus extends the development of many-commodity, two-country comparative advantage analysis. Perhaps surprisingly, the continuum assumption simplifies the analysis neatly in comparison with the discrete many-commodity case.

Short-Run Capital Specificity and the Pure Theory of International Trade      
Neary, J.P. (1978)

Abstract: The aim of this article is threefold. First, it presents a new diagrammatic technique to illustrate the short-run capital specificaity adjustment process in a small open economy. Second, the implications of the short-run capital specificity adjustment process are examined in the context of an open economy with pre-existing factor market distortions. The third aim of the paper is to point out the central role of the asumption of intersectoral capital mobility in international trade theory.

Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade      
Krugman, P.R. (1980)

Abstract: The basic model of this paper is one in which there are economies of scale in production and firms can costlessly differentiate their products. In this model, which is derived from recent work by Dixit and Stiglitz, equilibrium takes the form of Chamberlinian monopolistic competition. When two imperfectly competitive economies of this kind are allowed to trade, increasing returns produce trade and gains from trade even if the economies have identical tastes, technology, and factor endowments.

Decreasing Costs in International Trade and Frank Graham's Argument for Protection      
Ethier, W.J. (1982)

Abstract: Over half a century ago Frank Graham argued that decreasing costs could justify protection. Although this contention stimulated a large literature, a correct analysis has never been made. The present paper attempts to fill this gap. It is shown that a greater degree of increasing returns actually reduces its likelihood. Furthermore, increasing returns yield a positive analysis nearly completely symmetric to that of Ricardian constant costs. A new analytical tool, the allocation curve, is introduced, with which Marshallian stability is fully analogous to Walrasian instability with offer curves.

Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy
Helpman, E. & P. Krugman (1999)

Abstract: Market Structure and Foreign Trade presents a coherent theory of trade in the presence of market structures other than perfect competition. The theory it develops explains trade patterns, especially of industrial countries, and provides an integration between trade and the role of multinational enterprises. Relating current theoretical work to the main body of trade theory, Helpman and Krugman review and restate known results and also offer entirely new material on contestable markets, oligopolies, welfare, and multinational corporations, and new insights on external economies, intermediate inputs, and trade composition.

The Boundaries of Multinational Enterprises and the Theory of International Trade      
Markusen, J.R. (1995)

Abstract: This paper presents a diagrammatic technique to illustrate the short-run capital specificity adjustment process in a small open economy. It also considers the implications of the short-run capital specificity adjustment process in the context of the small open economy with pre-existing factor market distortions. Finally, it points out the central role of the assumption of intersectoral capital mobility in traditional international trade theory.

An Empirical Assessment of the Proximity-Concentration Trade-off Between Multinational Sales and Trade      
Brainard, S.L. (1997)

Abstract: This paper empirically investigates the role of transport costs, trade and investment barriers, production scale economies, and firm- specific advantages in determining the use of overseas production relative to exports. The proximity-concentration hypothesis is robust in explaining the share of total sales accounted for by affiliate sales: this share is greater the higher are transport costs and trade barriers and the lower are plant scale economies and investment barriers. Although strictly speaking, the proximity-concentration hypothesis applies to the shares of affiliate sales and exports rather than the levels, the effects of trade and investment barriers on the levels are similar to their effects on the shares, controlling for simultaneity, and so is that of freight factors in the trade estimates. The elasticity of inward and outward net affiliate sales with respect to tariffs is around 0.45, and that with respect to NTBs is an additional 0.17. The elasticity of both imports and exports with respect to freight factors is -1. However, the effect of freight factors on the level of affiliate sales is not robust, and the probability of observing any affiliate sales is increasing in proximity. The overall complementarity between trade and affiliate sales arises in part because relative income and intellectual property intensity increase both. In contrast, affiliate sales and trade move in opposite directions with increases in advertising intensity, suggesting that advertising-intensive products require a local presence.

Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in the Global Economy      
Feenstra, R.C. (1998)

Abstract: The last few decades have seen a spectacular integration of the global economy through trade. The rising integration of world markets has brought with it a disintegration of the production process, however, as manufacturing or services activities done abroad are combined with those performed at home. I compare several different measures of foreign outsourcing, and argue that they have all increased since the 1970s. I also consider the implications of globalization for employment and wages of low-skilled workers, and for trade and regulatory policy, such as labor standards.

The Six Major Puzzles in International Macroeconomics: Is There a Common Cause?      
Obstfeld, M. & K. Rogoff (2000)

Abstract: The central claim in this paper is that by explicitly introducing costs of international trade (narrowly, transport costs but more broadly, tariffs, nontariff barriers and other trade costs), one can go far toward explaining a great number of the main empirical puzzles that international macroeconomists have struggled with over twenty-five years. Our approach elucidates J. McCallum's home bias in trade puzzle, the Feldstein-Horioka saving-investment puzzle, the French-Poterba equity home bias puzzle, and the Backus-Kehoe-Kydland consumption correlations puzzle. That one simple alteration to an otherwise canonical international macroeconomic model can help substantially to explain such a broad arrange of empirical puzzles, including some that previously seemed intractable, suggests a rich area for future research. We also address a variety of international pricing puzzles, including the purchasing power parity puzzle emphasized by Rogoff, and what we term "the exchange rate disconnect puzzle." The latter category of riddles includes both the Meese-Rogoff exchange rate forecasting puzzle and the Baxter-Stockman neutrality of exchange rate regime puzzle. Here, although many elements need to be added to our extremely simple model, trade costs still play an essential role.

Exports and Information Spillovers
Nicita, A. & M. Olarreaga (2000)

Integration vs Outsourcing in Industry Equilibrium      
Grossman, G. & E. Helpman (2001)

Abstract: We develop an equilibrium model of industrial structure in which the organization of firms is endogenous. Differentiated consumer products can be produced either by vertically integrated firms or by pairs of specialized companies. Production of each variety of consumer good requires a unique, specialized component. Vertically integrated firms can manufacture the components they need in the quantity and type that maximizes profits, but they face a relatively high cost of governance.

How Reasonable Are Assumptions Used in Theoretical Models? Computational Evidence on the Likelihood of Trade Pattern Changes
Abrego, L., R. Riezman & J. Whalley (2001)

International Trade in Manufactured Products - A Ricardo-Heckscher-Ohlin Explanation with Monopolistic Competition
Choudri, E. & Hakura, D. (2001)

Financial Frictions in Business Cycles, Trade and Growth   
Wynne, J.L. (2001)

A Unified Approach to Intra-Industry Trade and Direct Foreign Investment
Markusen, J.R. & K.E. Maskus (2001)

Who Dies? International Trade, Market Structure, and Industrial Restructuring
Bernard, A.B. & J.B. Jensen (2001)

Financial Development and International Trade: Is There a Link?
Beck, T. (2001)

Financial Dependence and International Trade
Beck, T. (2001)

Trade Liberalisation, Product Variety and Growth in a Small Open Economy: A Quantitative Assessment
Rutherford, T. & D. Tarr (2001)

Injury Investigations in Anti-Dumping and the Super-Additivity Effect: A Theoretical Explanation
Gupta, P. & A. Panagariya (2001)

Tariffs, Terms or Trade, and The Real Exchange Rate in and Intertemporal Optimizing Model of the Current Account
Edwards, S. (2001)

International Trade and the Environment: A Framework for Analysis
Copeland, B.R. & M.S. Taylor (2001)

Do Factor Endowments Matter for North-North Trade?
Davis, D.R. & D.E. Weinstein (2001)

Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle   
Anderson, J.E. & E. van Wincoop (2001)

Abstract: The gravity model has been widely used to infer substantial trade flow effects of institutions such as customs unions and exchange rate mechanisms. McCallum [1995] found that the US-Canada border led to trade between provinces that is a factor 22 (2,200%) times trade between states and provinces, a spectacular puzzle in light of the low formal barriers on this border. We show that the gravity model usually estimated does not correspond to the theory behind it. We solve the 'border puzzle' by applying the theory seriously. We find that national borders reduce trade between the US and Canada by about 44%, while reducing trade among other industrialized countries by about 30%. McCallum's spectacular headline number is the result of a combination of omitted variables bias and the small size of the Canadian economy. Within-Canada trade rises by a factor 6 due to the border. In contrast, within-US trade rises 25%.

The Factor Content of Trade
Davis, D.R. & D.E. Weinstein (2001)

The Merits of Horizontal versus Vertical FDI in the Presence of Uncertainty | Published   
Aizenman, J. & N. Marion (2001)

Market Entry Costs, Producer Heterogeneity, and Export Dynamics
Das, S., M.J. Roberts & J.R. Tybout (2001)

Foreign Direct Investors in Three Financial Crises
Lipsey, R.E. (2001)

Foreign Direct Investment   
Hatzius, J.(2001)

Foreign Direct Investment in a World of Multiple Taxes
Desai, M.A. & J.R. Hines Jr. (2001)

Pollution Havens and Foreign Direct Investment: Dirty Secret or Popular Myth?
Smarzynska, B.K. & S.J. Wei (2001)

Determinants of, and the Relation Between, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: A Summary of the Recent Literature   REVIEW PAPER
Lim, E.G. (2001)

Foreign Direct Investment and the Operations of Multinational Firms: Concepts, History, and Data
Lipsey, R.E. (2001)

Home and Host Country Effects of FDI
Lipsey, R. (2002)

Entrepreneurship in International Trade
Rauch, J.E. & J. Watson (2002)

Bilateral Trade and Opportunism in a Matching Market   
Ramey, G. & J. Watson (2001)

Abstract: We develop a model of bilateral contracting in a dynamic market setting. Asset owners must be paired via a matching process in order to form productive relationships involving long-term investments and ongoing effort. Market frictions shape the owners' incentives to invest in the absence of complete contracts. We identify cases in which there exists an optimal positive level of market friction implementing first-best investment levels. We also endogenize the choice between integrated and nonintegrated organizational forms. Changes in structural variables can induce crashes by disrupting existing relationships.

Attracting FDI in a Politically Risky World
Janeba, E. (2001)

Courting FDI: Is Competition Bad?   
Fernandez-Arias, E., R. Hausmann & E. Stein (2001)

Trade Integration and Risk Sharing
Kraay, A. & J. Ventura (2002)

Trade Openness and Investment Instability
Razin, A., E. Sadka & T. Coury (2002)

Trade with Labor Market Distortions and Heterogeneous Labor: Why Trade Can Hurt
Krishna, K., A. Mukhopadhyay & C. Yavas (2002)

Trade Integration and Growth   
Cunat, A. & M. Maffezzoli (2002)

Foreign Direct Investment in Emerging Markets: Income, Repatriations and Financial Vulnerabillities
Lehmann, A.C. (2002)

The Rise and Fall of World Trade, 1870-1939   
Estevadeordal, A., B. Frantz & A.M. Taylor (2002)

Abstract: Measured by the ratio of trade to output, the period 1870 1913 marked the birth of the first era of trade globalization and the period 1914 39 its death. What caused the boom and bust? We use an augmented gravity model to examine the gold standard, tariffs, and transport costs as determinants of trade. Until 1913 the rise of the gold standard and the fall in transport costs were the main trade-creating forces. As of 1929 the reversal was driven by higher transport costs. In the 1930s, the final collapse of the gold standard drove trade volumes even lower.

Trade and Food Security: Conceptualizing the Linkages   
Panagariya, A. (2002)

Export-Platform Foreign Direct Investment
Ekholm, K., R. Forslid & J. Markusen (2003)

Traders, Cops and Robbers | Published   
Anderson, J.E. & O. Bandiera (2003)

Export versus FDI |

Published   
Helpman, E., M.J. Melitz & S.R. Yeaple (2003)

The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages and Working Conditions in Developing Countries
Brown, D.K., A.V. Deardorff & R.M. Stern (2003)

Firms, Contracts, and Trade Structure | Published      
Antras, P. (2003)

Abstract: Roughly one-third of world trade is intrafirm trade. This paper starts by unveiling two systematic patterns in the volume of intrafirm trade. In a panel of industries, the share of intrafirm imports in total U. S. imports is significantly higher, the higher the capital intensity of the exporting industry. In a cross section of countries the share of intrafirm imports in total U. S. imports is significantly higher, the higher the capital-labor ratio of the exporting country. I then show that these patterns can be rationalized in a theoretical framework that combines a Grossman-Hart-Moore view of the firm with a Helpman-Krugman view of international trade. In particular, I develop an incomplete-contracting, property-rights model of the boundaries of the firm, which I then incorporate into a standard trade model with imperfect competition and product differentiation. The model pins down the boundaries of multinational firms as well as the international location of production, and it is shown to predict the patterns of intrafirm trade identified above. Econometric evidence reveals that the model is consistent with other qualitative and quantitative features of the data.

Trade, Growth and the Environment | Published         REVIEW PAPER
Copeland, B.R. & M.S. Taylor (2003)

Abstract: For the last ten years environmentalists and the trade policy community have engaged in a heated debate over the environmental consequences of liberalized trade. The debate was originally fueled by negotiations over the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Uruguay round of GATT negotiations, both of which occurred at a time when concerns over global warming, species extinction and industrial pollution were rising. Recently it has been intensified by the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and proposals for future rounds of trade negotiations. The debate has often been unproductive. It has been hampered by the lack of a common language and also suffered from little recourse to economic theory and empirical evidence. The purpose of this essay is set out what we currently know about the environmental consequences of economic growth and international trade. We critically review both theory and empirical work to answer three basic questions. What do we know about the relationship between international trade, economic growth and the environment? How can this evidence help us evaluate ongoing policy debates? Where do we go from here?

The Role of Information in Driving FDI Flows: Host-Country Transparency and Source-Country Specialization
Mody, A., A. Razin & E. Sadka (2003)

Policy designs in a dynamic model of infant industry protection   
Kaneda, M. (2003)

Catch-up in turn in a multi-country international trade model with learning-by-doing and invention   
Nakajima, T. (2003)

Domestic Labour Markets and Foreign Direct Investment
Haaland, J. & I. Wooton (2003)

International Trade under Oligopoly Conditions      
Ruffin, R.J. (2003)

Abstract: The paper gives a simple representation of how oligopoly affects the general theory of international trade. Three points are emphasized: the simplicity of trade under oligopoly in the Ricardian model; the equations describing the general equilibrium of a world economy with any number of goods, countries, and factors under oligopolistic conditions and an integrated world market; and a complete description of the solution of a Mill–Ricardo–Cournot model with oligopoly in one sector and perfect competition in the other.

The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity | Published      
Melitz, M.J. (2003)

Abstract: This paper develops a dynamic industry model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the intra-industry effects of international trade. The model shows how the exposure to trade will induce only the more productive firms to enter the export market (while some less productive firms continue to produce only for the domestic market) and will simultaneously force the least productive firms to exit. It then shows how further increases in the industry's exposure to trade lead to additional inter-firm reallocations towards more productive firms. The paper also shows how the aggregate industry productivity growth generated by the reallocations contributes to a welfare gain, thus highlighting a benefit from trade that has not been examined theoretically before. The paper adapts Hopenhayn's (1992a) dynamic industry model to monopolistic competition in a general equilibrium setting. In so doing, the paper provides an extension of Krugman's (1980) trade model that incorporates firm level productivity differences. Firms with different productivity levels coexist in an industry because each firm faces initial uncertainty concerning its productivity before making an irreversible investment to enter the industry. Entry into the export market is also costly, but the firm's decision to export occurs after it gains knowledge of its productivity.

Global Sourcing | Published
Antras, P. & E. Helpman (2003)

Inequality and Trade
Mitra, D. & V. Trindade (2003)

National Treatment and the Choice Between Exports and FDI
Hoekman, B. & K. Saggi (2003)

Conditions for Factor Price Equalization in the Integrated World Economy Model   
Qi, L. (2003)

Aid versus Trade Revisited: Donor and Recipient Policies in the Presence of Learning-by-Doing   
Adam, C.S. & S. A O'Connell (2003)

Financial Globalization, Portfolio Diversification, and the Pattern of International Trade
Koren, M. (2003)

Tariffs and the Great Depression Revisited   
Crucini, M.J. & J. Kahn (2003)

Optimal Integration Strategies for the Multinational Firm | Published      
Grossman, G.M., E. Helpman & A. Szeidl (2003/06)

Abstract: We examine integration strategies of multinational firms that face a rich array of choices of international organization. Each firm in an industry must provide headquarter services from its home country, produce intermediate inputs, and assemble the intermediate goods into final products. Both production of intermediate goods and assembly can be performed at home, in another Northern' country, in the low-wage South,' or in several of these locations. We study the equilibrium choices of firms that differ in productivity (and thus size), focusing on the role of industry characteristics such as the fixed costs of foreign subsidiaries, the cost of transporting intermediate and final goods, and the share of the consumer market that resides in the South in determining optimal integration strategies.

International outsourcing and factor prices with multistage production   
Kohler, W. (2004)

Factor Proportions and the Structure of Commodity Trade      
Romalis, J. (2004)

Abstract: This paper examines how factor proportions determine the structure of commodity trade. It integrates a many-country version of a Heckscher-Ohlin model with a continuum of goods with Paul R. Krugman's (1980) model of monopolistic competition and transport costs. The commodity structure of production and bilateral trade is fully determined. Two main predictions emerge. Countries capture larger shares of world production and trade of commodities that more intensively use their abundant factors. Countries that rapidly accumulate a factor see their production and export structures systematically shift towards industries that intensively use that factor. Both predictions receive support from detailed trade data.

Mergers and the Composition of International Commerce
Nocke, V. & S. Yeaple (2004)

Specific Factors, Learning, and the Dynamics of Trade   
Bajona, C. (2004)

The Impact Of Regulatory Stringency On The Foreign Direct Investment Of Global Pharmaceutical Firms   
Ahlering, B. (2004)

Trade, Foreign Direct Investment or Acquisition: Optimal Entry Modes for Multinationals | Published      
Eicher, T. & J.W. Kang (2004/2005)

Why Some Firms Export   
Bernard, A.B. & J.B. Jensen (2004)

International Trade and Macroeconomic Dynamics with Heterogeneous Firms | Published   
Ghironi, F. & M.J. Melitz (2004)

Variety Growth and World Welfare   
Broda, C. & D.W. Weinstein (2004)

Learning on the Quick and Cheap: Gains from Trade Through Imported Expertise
Markusen, J.R. & T.F. Rutherford (2004)

Managerial incentives and the international organization of production   
Grossman, G.M. & E. Helpman (2004)

A Theory of North-South Trade and Globalization   
Segerstrom, P. & E. Dinopoulos (2004)

When trade requires coordination   
Katz, K. & A. Matsui (2004)

Comparative Advantage and Heterogeneous Firms
Bernard, A.B., S. Redding & P.K. Schott (2004)

The Impact of Trade on Intraindustry Reallocation and Aggregate Industry Productivity: A Comment
Baldwin, R.E. & F. Robert-Nicoud (2004)

Quality, trade, and growth   
Fan, C.S. (2004)

Social Networks and Trade Liberalization
Pandey, M. & J. Whalley (2004)

The Home-Market Effect and Bilateral Trade Patterns   
Hanson, G.H. & C. Xiang (2004)

Trade Liberalization with Heterogenous Firms
Baldwin, R. & R. Forslid (2004)

Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization      
Samuelson, P.A. (2004)

Abstract: Autarky real per capita well being, does not deny that new technical Chinese progress in goods that America previously had competitive advantage in can, ceteris paribus, lower permanently measurable per capita U.S. real income. Nor does it deny that technical progress in China's export goods can, ceteris paribus, hurt permanently her own net measurable per capita real income itself when demand inelasticity prevails. Ergo, the winds of dynamic comparative advantage cannot be counted on to create in each region new net gains of the gainers assuredly greater than the new net losses of the losers. However, correct Ricardian theory does imply that worldwide real income per capita does gain net, so that winners' winnings will suffice worldwide to more than compensate losers' losings--some cold comfort in a scenario of many semi-autonomous nations.

Trade, Tragedy, and the Commons
Copeland, B.R. & M.S. Taylor (2004)

Trade-related Job Loss and Wage Insurance: a Synthetic Review   
Kletzer, L.G. (2004)

Aspects of International Fragmentation   
Kohler, W. (2004)

Schumpeterian Growth, North-South Trade and Wage Rigidity
Grieben, W-F. (2004)

Sorting It Out: International Trade and Protection With Heterogeneous Workers | Published   
Ohnsorge, F. & D. Trefler (2004/07)

Abstract: Each worker brings a bundle of skills to the workplace, for example, quantitative and communication skills. Since employers must take this bundle as a package deal, they choose workers with just the right mix of skills. We show that international differences in the distribution of worker skill bundles—for example, Japan's abundance of workers with a modest mix of both quantitative and teamwork skills—have important implications for international trade, industrial structure, and domestic income distribution. Formally, we model two-dimensional worker heterogeneity and show that the second moments of the distribution of skills are critical, as in the Roy model.

“Facts available” dumping allegations: when will foreign firms cooperate in antidumping petitions?   
Moore, M.O. (2004)

Government procurement: market access, transparency, and multilateral trade rules   
Evenetta, J.J. & B.M. Hoekman (2004)

The Muddles over Outsourcing   
Bhagwati, J., A. Panagariya & T.N. Srinivasan (2004)

A simple model of firm heterogeneity, international trade, and wages   
Yeaple, S.R. (2004)

Outsourcing in a Global Economy   
Grossman, G.M. & E. Helpman (2005)
Abstract: We study the determinants of the location of subcontracted activity in a general equilibrium model of outsourcing and trade. We model outsourcing as an activity that requires search for a partner and relationship-specific investments that are governed by incomplete contracts. The extent of international outsourcing depends inter alia on the thickness of the domestic and foreign market for input suppliers, the relative cost of searching in each market, the relative cost of customizing inputs and the nature of the contracting environment in each country.

Trade policy and quality leadership in transition economies   
Moraga-González, J.L. & J-M. Viaene (2005)

Institutional Quality and International Trade
Levchenko, A.A. (2004)

Welfare Effects of Intellectual Property in a North-South Model of Endogenous Growth with Comparative Advantage
Saint-Paul, G. (2004)

International trade and cultural diversity with preference selection   
Bala, V. & N.V. Long (2005)

Optimal Domestic Regulation and the Pattern of Trade
Martimort, D. & T. Verdier (2004)

A Multi-Country Approach to Factor-Proportions Trade and Trade Costs | Alternative | Published   
Markusen, J.R. & A.J. Venables (2005/07)

Outsourcing and Trade in a Spatial World
Egger, H. & P. Egger (2005)

Offshoring in a Knowledge Economy | Published   
Antras, P., L. Garicano, & E. Rossi-Hansberg (2005/06)

Trade and Growth in the Presence of Distortions
Cassing, J. & S. Tokarick (2005)

Anarchy and Autarky: Endogenous Predation as a Barrier to Trade   
Anderson, J.E. & D. Marcoullier (2005)

A Schumpeterian North-South Growth Model of Trade and Wage Inequality   
Grieben, W-H. (2005)

Technology Transfer Through Trade
Hoppe, M. (2005)

Comparative Advantage, Relative Wages, and the Accumulation of Human Capital   
Teulings, C.N. (2005)

Abstract: I apply Ricardo's principle of comparative advantage to a theory of factor substitutability in a model with a continuum of worker and job types. Highly skilled workers have a comparative advantage in complex jobs. The model satisfies the distance-dependent elasticity of substitution (DIDES) characteristic: substitutability between types declines with their skill distance. I analyze changes in relative wages due to human capital accumulation. The concept of a complexity dispersion parameter or compression elasticity is introduced. Empirical studies suggest its value to be equal to two: a 1 percent increase in the stock of human capital reduces the Mincerian return by 2 percent.

R&D Policies, Trade and Process Innovation
Haaland, J.I. & H.J. Kind (2005)

Ricardian comparative advantage with intermediate inputs   
Deardorff, A.V. (2005)

Globalization, globalisation: Trade, technology, and wages   
Ethier, W.J. (2005)

A trade theorist's take on skilled-labor outsourcing      
Deardorff, A.V. (2005)

Abstract: Recent concern has attended the phenomenon of skilled-labor outsourcing, in which firms in the United States and other advanced countries have drawn upon the services of skilled workers in developing countries for activities that they used to do at home. Motivated by this and the fact that such outsourcing would be hard to explain without technological differences, this paper explores theoretically a simple story of outsourcing in which factor proportions and technology interact across activities performed within industries or firms. The model has a single sector in which a final output is produced from two activities that differ in their intensity of use of skilled and unskilled labor. In one activity, the developed world (North) has a technical advantage. In the other it does not, but a new regime makes it possible to outsource it to the developing world (South). The paper shows that this outsourcing, if the countries continue to diversify, causes the wage of unskilled labor in North to fall below that in South. However, if factor endowments differ enough to lead to specialization, then it becomes possible for both factors in North to gain from this form of outsourcing.

Outsourcing and technology spillovers   
Long, N.V. (2005)

Fragmented trade and manufacturing services--Examples for a non-convex general equilibrium   
Wan, H. (2005)

Foreign direct investment and international trade in a continuum Ricardian trade model   
Cheng, L.K., L.D. Qiu & G. Tan (2005)

Trade Liberalization in a Joint Spatial Inter-Temporal Trade Model
Huang, H., J. Whalley, John & S. Zhang (2005)

Market Size, Trade, and Productivity | Published
Melitz, M.J. & G.I.P. Ottaviano (2005/08)

Managed Trade, Trade Liberalisation and Local Pollution
Regibeau, P.M. & A. Gallegos (2005)

Unbundling the Pollution Haven Hypothesis
Taylor, M.S. (2005)

International Outsourcing and Incomplete Contracts   REVIEW PAPER
Spencer, B.J. (2005)

Endowment versus Finance: A Wooden Barrel Theory of International Trade
Ju, J. & S-J. Wei (2005)

Making Sense of Bolkestein-Bashing: Trade Liberalization under Segmented Labor Markets | Published   
Saint-Paul, G. (2005/07)

The Anatomy of Start-Stop Growth   
Jones, B.F. & B.A. Olken (2005)
Abstract: This paper investigates the remarkable extremes of growth experiences within countries and examines the changes that occur when growth starts and stops. We find three main results. First, all but the very richest countries experience both growth miracles and failures over substantial periods. Second, growth accounting reveals that physical capital accumulation plays a negligible role in growth take-offs and a larger but still modest role in growth collapses. The implied role of productivity in these shifts is also directly reflected in employment reallocations and changes in trade. Third, growth accelerations and collapses are asymmetric phenomena. Collapses typically feature reduced manufacturing and investment amidst increasing price instability, whereas growth takeoffs are primarily associated with large and steady expansions in international trade. This asymmetry suggests that the roads into and out of rapid growth expansions may not be the same. The results stand in contrast to much growth theory and conventional wisdom: despite much talk of poverty traps, even very poor countries regularly grow rapidly, and the role of aggregate investment in growth accelerations is negligible.

Heckscher–Ohlin revisited: implications of differential population dynamics for trade within an overlapping generations framework   
Sayan, S. (2005)

Specialization and non-renewable resources: Ricardo meets Ricardo   
Chakravorty, U., D. Krulce & J. Roumasset (2005)

The big push, industrialization and international trade: The role of exports   
Trindade, V. (2005)

Trade and Growth: Reconciling the Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Evidence      REVIEW PAPER
Lopez, R.A. (2005)

Parallel Trade, International Exhaustion and Intellectual Property Rights: A Welfare Analysis
Valletti, T. & S. Szymanski (2005)

Reciprocal Dumping with Bertrand Competition
Friberg, R. & M. Ganslandt (2005)

Trade, Multinational Sales, and FDI in a Three-factor Model   
Egger, P. & M. Pfaffermayr (2005)

How trade saved humanity from biological exclusion: an economic theory of Neanderthal extinction   
Horan, R.D., E. Bulte & J.F. Shogren (2005)

The trade distorting effect of state trading enterprises in importing countries   
McCorriston, S. & D. MacLaren (2005)

Airplanes and Comparative Advantage
Harrigan, J. (2005)

Brain Gain: Claims about Its Size and Impact on Welfare and Growth are Greatly Exaggerated
Schiff, M. (2005)

How barriers to international trade affect TFP   
Herrendorf, B. & A. Teixeira (2005)

Changes in Infrastructure and Tariff Barriers: Local Vs. Global Impacts
Behrens, K., A.R. Lamorgese, G.I.P. Ottaviano & T. Tabuchi (2005)

Y2K and Offshoring: The Role of External Economies and Firm Heterogeneity
Mitra, D. & P. Ranjan (2005)

Trade and Turnover: Theory and Evidence   
Davidson, C. & S.J. Matusz (2005)

Multinationals, Endogenous Growth, and Technological Spillovers: Theory and Evidence   
Baldwin, R., H. Braconier & R. Forslid (2005)

How Robust is Comparative Advantage?   
Deardorff, A. (2005)

Endowment Versus Finance: A Wooden Barrel Theory of International Trade
J. Ju & S-J. Wei (2005)

Can Deunionization Lead to International Outsourcing?   
Lommerud, K.E., F. Meland & O.R. Straume (2005)

Buyer Investment, Product Variety, and Intrafirm Trade
Feenstra, R.C. & Y. Chen (2005)

Foreign Subsidization and the Excess Capacity Hypothesis
Blonigen, B.A. & W.W. Wilson (2005)

Do Countries Free Ride on MFN?
Ludema, R.D. & A.M. Mayda (2005)

Modeling the Offshoring of White-Collar Services: From Comparative Advantage to the New Theories of Trade and FDI
Markusen, J. (2005)

Trade in Ideal Varieties: Theory and Evidence
Hummels, D. & V. Lugovskyy (2005)

Rethinking the Gains from Immigration: Theory and Evidence from the U.S.
Ottaviano, G.I.P. & G. Peri (2005)

Globalisation and union opposition to technological change   
Lommerud, K.E., F. Meland & O.R. Straume (2005)

A Spatial Theory of Trade   
Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2005)

Contractual Versus Generic Outsourcing: The Role of Proximity
Feenstra, R.C. & B.J. Spencer (2005)

Neckties in the Tropics: A Model of International Trade and Cultural Diversity
Rauch, J.E. & V. Trindade (2005)

Oligopoly and Outsourcing   
Bandyopadhay, S. & H.J. Wall (2006)

Trade, FDI, and the Organization of Firms
Helpman, E. (2006)

Competing for a Duopoly: International Trade and Tax Competition
Ferrett, B. & I. Wooton (2006)

Economic Development Under Alternative Trade Regimes   
Castro, R. (2006)

Global Production and Currency Devaluation   
Zhao, L. & Y. Xing (2006)

Long-run Lunacy, Short-run Sanity: a Simple Model of Trade with Labor Market Turnover   
Davidson, C. & S.J. Matusz (2006)

Strategic Exports and R&D with Internationally Mobile Skilled Labor and Exchange Rate Volatility   
Lahiri, S. & F. Mesa (2006)

Multinational Firms and Strategic FDI Subsidies   
Ishii, Y. (2006)

Equilibrium Allele Distribution in Trading Populations
Gilles, S-P. (2006)

What You Export Matters
Hausmann, R., J. Hwang & D. Rodrik (2006)

Trade Liberalization with Heterogenous Firms
Baldwin, R.E. & R. Forslid (2006)

Pattern of trade and indeterminacy   
Naito, T. (2006)

Organizing Offshoring: Middle Managers and Communication Costs
Antras, P., L. Garicano & E. Rossi-Hansberg (2006)

Trade and the Great Divergence: The Family Connection | Published   
Galor, O. & A. Mountford (2006)

Elasticity of risk aversion and international trade   
Broll, U., J.E. Wahl & W-K. Wong (2006)

Multinational Corporations, Stackelberg Leadership, and Tariff-jumping   
Dixon, S. (2006)

On the Equivalence of Ad Valorem Tariffs and Specific Tariffs under Duopoly   
Shea, K.L. & E.Y.P. Shea (2006)

Modeling Cultural Barriers in International Trade   
Konya, I. (2006)

Trade and Growth with Heterogenous Firms | Published   
Baldwin, R.E. & F. Robert-Nicoud (2006/08)

Tariffs, licensing and market structure   
Mukherjee, A. & E. Pennings (2006)

International Trade with Competitiveness Effects in R&D
Pires, A.J.G. (2006)

Trade Liberalization and Compensation   
Davidson, C. & S.J. Matusz (2006)

Innovation, Diffusion, and Trade
Eaton, J. & S. Kortum (2006)

Modelling the Impact of Trade Liberalisation: A Critique of Computable General Equilibrium Models   
Taylor, L. & R. von Arnim (2006)

Tariffs vs Quotas in a Model of Trade with Capital Accumulation   
Calzolari, G. & L. Lambertini (2006)

International Trade and Growth Miracles: the Implications of Nonhomothetic Preferences   
Mountford, A. (2006)

Factor Price Equalization in a World of Many Trading Countries   
Kemp, M.C. (2006)

Parallel Imports and Price Controls
Grossman, G.M. & E. C.-L. Lai (2006)

On the Determinants of Exporters' Currency Pricing: History vs. Expectations
Fukuda, S-i. & M. Ono (2006)

Home and Regional Biases and Border Effects in Armington Type Models
Whalley, J. & X. Xin (2006)

Trade, skill acquisition and distribution   
Das, S.P. (2006)

People Flows in Globalization   
Freeman, R.B. (2006)

Substitution in Markusen's classic trade and factor movement complementarity models
Schiff, M. (2006)

Fixed Transport Costs and International Trade   
Laussel, D. & R.G. Riezman (2006)

Eli Heckscher, International Trade, and Economic History   CONFERENCE VOLUME
Findlay, R., R.G.H. Henriksson, H. Lindgren & M. Lundahl (2006)

Outsourcing, Contracts and Innovation Networks
Naghavi, A. & G.I.P. Ottaviano (2006)

Demographics in Dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin Models: Overlapping Generations Versus Infinitely Lived Consumers
Bajona, C. & T.J. Kehoe (2006)

Trade, Growth, and Convergence in a Dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin Model
Bajona, c. & T.J. Kehoe (2006)

Can South-South Trade Liberalisation Stimulate North-South Trade?
Fugazza, M. & F.L. Robert-Nicoud (2006)

Trade Integration, Firm Selection and the Costs of Non-Europe
Del Gatto, M., G. Mion & G.I.P. Ottaviano (2006)

The Openness Growth Monitoring Model   
Estrada, M.A.R. & S.F. Yap (2006)

Technological Improvements and Comparative Advantage Reconsidered   
Shachmurove, Y. & U. Spiegel (2006)

Clusters and comparative advantage: Implications for industrial policy   
Rodríguez-Clare, A. (2006)

Simultaneous Reform of Tariffs and Quotas   
Neary, J.P. (2007)

Teaching Locals New Tricks: Foreign Experts as a Channel of Knowledge Transfers
Markusen, J.R. & N. Trofimenko (2007)

Pricing-to-Market in a Ricardian Model of International Trade
Atkeson, A. & A. Burstein (2007)

Firm heterogeneity, exporting and foreign direct investment   
Greenaway, D. & R. Kneller (2007)

Offshoring: General Equilibrium Effects on Wages, Production and Trade
Baldwin, R. & F. Robert-Nicoud (2007)

Institutions and moral hazard in open economies   
Vogel, J. (2007)

Foreign Firms, Domestic Wages
Malchow-Moller, N., J.R. Markusen & B. Schjerning (2007)

Policy Distortions and Aggregate Productivity with Heterogeneous Plants
Restuccia, D. & R. Rogerson (2007)

Intellectual Property Rights, Imitation, and Foreign Direct Investment: Theory and Evidence
Branstetter, L., R. Fisman, C.F. Foley & K. Saggi (2007)

Unbalanced Trade
Dekle, R., J. Eaton & S. Kortum (2007)

International trade and consumption network externalities   
Janeba, E. (2007)

International Technology Transfer: Who Gains and Who Loses?   
Ruffin, R.J. & R.W. Jones (2007)

Volatility, Labor Market Flexibility, and the Pattern of Comparative Advantage
Cunat, A. & M.J. Melitz (2007)

Offshoring and Product Innovation
Naghavi, A. & G.I.P. Ottaviano (2007)

Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, and Trade Liberalization
Davis, D.R. & J. Harrigan (2007)

Sub-national Differentiation and the Role of the Firm in Optimal International Pricing
Balistreri, E.J. & J.R. Markusen (2007)

Outsourcing and Volatility
Bergin, P.R., R.C. Feenstra & G.H. Hanson (2007)

Offshoring and Unemployment
Mitra, D. & P. Ranjan (2007)

Offshoring in a Ricardian World
Rodriguez-Clare, A. (2007)

Zeros, Quality and Space: Trade Theory and Trade Evidence
Baldwin, R. & J. Harrigan (2007)

On the equivalence of quantitative trade restrictions and tariffs   
Dellas, H., A. Fernandes & K. Neusser (2007)

Inefficient trade patterns: Excessive trade, cross-hauling and dumping   
Eden, B. (2007)

Immigration and Native Welfare   
Felbermayr, G.J. & W. Kohler (2007)

A Note on Production Efficiency in Oligopolistic Trade Models   
Ghosh, A. (2007)

Why are Trade Agreements Regional?
Zissimos, B. (2007)

International Outsourcing under Monopolistic Competition: Winners and Losers   
Do, V.D. & V.L. Ngo (2007)

Innovation, firm dynamics, and international trade
Atkeson, A. & A. Burstein (2007)

Trade and Development in a Labor Surplus Economy
Barbier, E.B. & M. Rauscher (2007)

Firms in International Trade
Bernard, A.B., J.B. Jensen, S.J. Redding & P.K. Schott (2007)

Transportation Costs and International Trade in the Second Era of Globalization
Hummels, D. (2007)

A Profile of the World's Young Developing Country Migrants
McKenzie, D. (2007)

Labor Market Rigidities, Trade and Unemployment
Helpman, E. & O. Itskhoki (2007)

Export restraints in a model of trade with capital accumulation   
Calzolari, G. & L. Lambertini (2007)

North-South Trade and Directed Technical Change   
Bonfiglioli, A. & G. Gancia (2007)

Technology adoption and the selection effect of trade
Navas-Ruiz, A. & D. Sala (2007)

Is International Trade a Substitute for Migration?
Carbaugh, R.J. (2007)

International Outsourcing and the Supply Side Productivity Determinants   
Grover, A. (2007)

Trade Shocks and Labor Adjustment: Theory
Cameron, S., S. Chaudhuri & J. McLaren (2007)

Some Simple Analytics of Trade and Labor Mobility
Chaudhuri, S. & J. McLaren (2007)

Trade Gains and Public Goods   
Shimomura, K. (2007)

Trade Liberalization, Competition and Growth   
Licandro, O. & Antonio Navas-Ruiz (2007)

On Chamberlinian-Ricardian Trade Patterns      
Kikuchi, T., K. Shimomura & Z. Dao-Zhi (2007)

Abstract: This study provides a simple, many-industry model of trade which emphasizes the interaction between cross-country technical heterogeneity (i.e., a Ricardian aspect) and monopolistic competition among producers of differentiated products (i.e., a Chamberlinian aspect) as determinants of trade patterns. It is shown that the emergence of intra-industry trade is crucially dependent on the shape of the technology index schedule, which is obtained as a step-function.

Trade and the distribution of human capital   
Bougheas, S. & R. Riezman (2007)

Immiserizing deindustrialization: A dynamic trade model with credit constraints   
Chesnokova, T. (2007)

A knowledge-and-physical-capital model of international trade flows, foreign direct investment, and multinational enterprises   
Bergstrand, J.H. & P. Egger (2007)

Quality, Trade and the Moving Window: The Globalisation Process   
Sutton, J. (2007)

Endogenous Entry, Product Variety, and Business Cycles
Bilbiie, F., F. Ghironi & M.J. Melitz (2007)

Trade and Wages: a Deeper Investigation   
Jones, R.W. & R.J. Ruffin (2008)

Path Interdependence in a Dynamic Two Country Heckscher-Ohlin Model   
Gaitan, B. & T.L. Roe (2007)

What Goods Do Countries Trade? New Ricardian Predictions
Costinot, A. & I. Komunjer (2007)

International Trade in Durable Goods: Understanding Volatility, Cyclicality, and Elasticities
Engel, C. & J. Wang (2008)

Inventories, Lumpy Trade, and Large Devaluations
Alessandria, G., J. Kaboski & V. Midrigan (2008)

Endogenous firm heterogeneity and the dynamics of trade liberalization   
Ederington, J. & P. McCalman (2008)

Export variety and country productivity: Estimating the monopolistic competition model with endogenous productivity   
Feenstra, R. & H.L. Kee (2008)

The Greater the Differences, the Greater the Gains?   
Ethier, W.J. (2008)

Endogenous Variety and the Gains from Trade
Arkolakis, C., S. Demidova, P.J. Klenow & A. Rodriguez-Clare (2008)

Delay and dynamics in labor market adjustment: Simulation results   
Artuç, E., S. Chaudhuri & J. McLaren (2008)

Globalization and specialization   
Eckel, C. (2008)

Optimal Trade and Industrial Policy under Oligopoly      
Eaton, J. & G.M. Grossman (1986)

Abstract: In this paper we provide an integrative treatment of the welfare effects of trade and industrial policy under oligopoly, and characterize qualitatively the form that optimal intervention takes under a variety of assumptions about the number of firms, the substitutability of their products, and the markets in which they are sold. We find that when no domestic consumption occurs, optimal policy under duopoly with a single home firm depends on the difference between the firms' actual responses to their rivals and their response to their rivals' conjecture. If conjectures are consistent, free trade is optimal. A tax or subsidy is indicated depending on the size of the difference between the conjectured and actual response. With more than one home firm but still no domestic consumption, an export tax is indicated if conjectures are consistent. Production subsidies and export tax-cum-subsidies can raise national welfare in the presence of domestic consumption, because these policies can mitigate the extent of the consumption distortion implicit in the derivation of price from marginal cost.

Trade Liberalization and Trade Adjustment Assistance      
Fung, K.C. & R.W. Staiger (1994)

Abstract: We explore the relationship between trade adjustment subsidies and successful reciprocal trade liberalization. We consider economies that are faced with a periodic need to move resources out of a declining import-competing sector, and that are attempting to sustain cooperative but self-enforcing trade agreements in the face of these adjustment needs. If the limitations associated with enforcement of international trade agreements are sufficiently severe, trade adjustment assistance can facilitate reciprocal trade liberalization. We argue that this suggests a possible efficiency rationale for adjustment policies that treat resources differently when traded sectors are involved.

The New Liberalism: Trade Policy Developments in Emerging Markets
Drabek, Z. & S. Laird (1997)

What Should Trade Negotiators Negotiate About?      
Krugman, P. (1997)

Abstract: In recent years there have been growing demands to make trade liberalization contingent on adoption of common labor and environmental standards. The straightforward economic answer is that this makes little sense: neither the gains from trade nor the gains from appropriate regulation are compromised if other countries impose standards that are weaker than your own. It is possible to offer second-bet economic rationales for harmonization, but these are empirically unconvincing. The only serious argument in favor or regulation is political: that regulation which is in the national interest may not be politically feasible unless other countries do the same.

Free versus Fair Trade: The Dumping Issue
Klitgaard, T. & K. Schiele (1998)

On the Effect of the Internet on International Trade
Freund, C. & D. Weinhold (2000)

Vertical Price Control and Parallel Imports: Theory and Evidence
Maskus, K.E. & Y. Chen (2000)

Catching Up with the Competition: Trade Opportunities and Challenges for Arab Countries      CONFERENCE VOLUME
Hoekman, B. & J. Zarrouk (2000)

Abstract: At a time when countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are joining the World Trade Organization, the lack of an economically sound analysis of trade policies in the region is especially notable. This volume remedies the situation by bringing together a distinguished group of applied trade economists to provide a broad view of the state of trade in and among the region's nations. The contributors provide original empirical analyses on key reform issues, and their work reflects deep knowledge of government concerns and policies.

Trade Policy during the Transition. Lessons form the 1990s   
Hare, P.G. (2000)

Labor Demand and Trade Reform in Latin America
Fajnzylber, P. & W.F. Maloney (2000)

Trade Policy of Transition Economics   
Moraga, J.L. & J.M. Viaene (2001)

Free Trade in the Americas: Policy Recommendations and Issue Papers   
North-South Centre & Institute of the Americas (2001)

On 'Indirect' Trade-Related Research and Development Spillovers
Lumenga-Neso, O., M. Olarreaga & M. Schiff (2001)

World Bank to "intensify" work on trade
Bretton Woods Project (2001)

Keiretsu and Relationship-Specific Investment: Implications for Market-Opening Trade Policy
Qiu, L.D. & B.J. Spencer (2001)

Market Access for Developing Countries' Exports   
IMF & World Bank (2001)

Shaping Future GATS Rules for Trade in Services
Mattoo, A. (2001)

The WTO Agreement and Telecommunications Policy Reform
Cowhey, P. & M.M. Klimenko (2001)

Too many codes of practice? Towards cohesion and sustainability in ethical trade
Blowfield, M. (2001)

Eliminating Excessive Tariffs on Exports of Least Developed Countries
Hoekman, B., F. Ng & M. Olarreaga (2001)

Standards and Related Regulations in International Trade: A Modeling Approach
Ganslandt, M. & J.R. Markusen (2001)

Services in the International Economy      CONFERENCE VOLUME
Stern, R.M. (ed) (2001)

Abstract: This book contains selected papers from the First World Services Congress, a forum designed to enhance awareness of the increasingly important role of services in the global economy and to reach out to governments, the business community, international organizations, academicians, and the media. The Congress served as a vehicle for the presentation and discussion of academic research on the entire spectrum of services issues, as well as business options and issues.

India's Reform of External Sector Policies and Future Multilateral Trade Negotiations   
Srinivasan, T.N. (2001)

Antidumping
Blonigen, B.A. & T.J. Prusa (2001)

The Economic and Strategic Motives for Antidumping Filings
Prusa, T.J. & S. Skeath (2001)

Trim sovereignty or let investment flow? GATT, multinationals and developing countries
Morrissey, O. (2001)

Ethical trade futures: strategies for campaigners
Zadek, S. (2001)

WTO, Agriculture, and Developing Countries
Díaz-Bonilla, E., S. Robinson, M. Thomas & Y. Yanoma (2001) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W4F-4F19SST-1&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2005&_alid=245863425&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6541&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059601&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4428&md5=b78f1212156a3fe4dbb41511915d2477

Why Are Some People (and Countries) More Protectionist Than Others? | Published
Mayda, A.M. & D. Rodrik (2001/2005)

Dynamic Pricing in the Presence of Antidumping Policy: Theory and Evidence
Blonigen, B.A. & J.H. Park (2001)

Punishment and Dispute Settlement in Trade Agreements      
Ethier, W.J. (2001)

Abstract: This paper interprets dispute settlement procedures and punishments as responses to the fact that trade agreements are incomplete contracts. If no weight is given to the adjudication phase and if the degree of trade relatedness is known with certainty, the negotiated trade agreement will feature commensurate punishments, will induce violation of the dispute settlement ruling, and will deliver optimal liberalization and optimal unilateral trade-related action. With the adjudication phase of concern, the trade agreement will feature less liberalization, but still with a presumption of at least approximate commensurate punishment. The optimal trade agreement will likely induce abiding by the ruling when negotiators attach more importance to the adjudication phase, and violating it when they attach less.

WTO vs ethical trade: mutually inclusive or miles apart?
Tallontire, A. & M. Blowfield (2001)

Abstract: How does the World Trade Organisation view ethical trade? Do Eco-labelling and forest certification schemes break WTO rules? Do they create trade impediments? What external factors might alter the impact of ethical trade?

Measuring Services Trade Liberalization and its Impact on Economic Growth: An Illustration
Mattoo, A., R. Rathindran & A. Subramanian (2001)

Global Trade and Food Safety: Winners and Losers in a Fragmented System
Wilson, J.S. & T. Otsuki (2001)

EU trade policy and development objectives: out of synch?
Stevens, C. & J. Kennan (2001)

Signing up to the WTO
Laird, S. (2001)

Post-Seattle blues: whither the WTO?
Laird, S. (2001)

Trade Liberalisation and Poverty: A Handbook
McCulloch, N., X. Cirera & A. Winters (2001)

International Cartel Enforcement: Lessons from the 1990s   
Evenett, S.J., M.C. Levenstein & V.Y. Suslow (2001)

Abstract: The enforcement record of the 1990s shows that private international cartels are not defunct—nor do they always fall quickly under the weight of their own incentive problems. Of a sample of 40 such cartels prosecuted by the United States and the European Union in the 1990s, 24 lasted at least four years. And for the 20 cartels in this sample where sales data are available, the annual worldwide turnover in affected products exceeded $30 billion. National competition policies address harm in domestic markets, and in some cases prohibit cartels without taking strong enforcement measures. Evenett, Levenstein, and Suslow propose a series of reforms to national policies and steps to enhance international cooperation that will strengthen the deterrents against international cartelization. Furthermore, the authors argue that aggressive prosecution of cartels must be complemented by vigilance in other areas of competition policy. If not, firms will respond to the enhanced deterrents to cartelization by merging or by taking other measures that lessen competitive pressures.

International Protection of Intellectual Property | Published   
Grossman, G. & E.L.C. Lai (2002)

Antidumping as Safeguard Policy
Finger, J.M., F. Ng & S, Wangchuk (2001)

Did Import Substitution Promote Growth in the Late Nineteenth Century?
Irwin, D.A. (2002)

Quantity Controls, License Transferability, and the Level of Investment
Krishna, K., L.H. Tan & R. Ranjan (2002)

One Reason Countries Pay their Debts: Renegotiation and International Trade
Rose, A.K. (2002)

Estimating the Poverty Impacts of Trade Liberalization
Reimer, J.J. (2002)

Dirty Exports and Environmental Regulation: Do Standards Matter to Trade?
Wilson, J.S., T. Otsuki & M. Sewadeh (2002)

Liberalizing Trade in Agriculture: Developing Countries in Asia and the Post-Doha Agenda
Wilson, J.S. (2002)

Tariff-jumping FDI and Domestic Firms' Profits
Blonigen, B.A., K. Tomlin & W.W. Wilson (2002)

Cap and Trade Policies in the Presence of Monopoly and Distortionary Taxation
Fullerton, D. & G.E. Metcalf (2002)

Trade Policy Reform and Poverty Alleviation   
Hoekman, B., C. Michalopoulos, M. Schiff & D. Tarr (2002)

Liberalization of Trade in Financial Services and Financial Sector Stability (Analytical Approach)
Kireyev, A.P. (2002)

Trade Openness, Investment Instability and Terms-of-Trade Volatility
Razin, A., E. Sadka & T. Coury (2002)

Do We Really Know that the WTO Increases Trade? | Published   
Rose, A.K. (2002/04)

Do WTO Members have More Liberal Trade Policy? | Published   
Rose, A.K. (2002)

The Perversity of Preferences: The Generalized System of Preferences and Developing Country Trade Policies, 1976-2000
Ozden, C. & E. Reinhardt (2003)

The Response of the Informal Sector to Trade Liberalization
Goldberg, P.K. & N. Pavcnik (2003)

Border Delays and Trade Liberalization
Cudmore, E. & J. Whalley (2003)

Multinational Enterprises, International Trade, and Productivity Growth: Firm-Level Evidence from the United States
Keller, W. & S.R. Yeaple (2003)

Was It Stolper-Samuelson, Infant Industry or Something Else? World Trade Tariffs 1789-1938
Williamson, J.G. (2003)

Selective Information Provision and Special Interest Influence: The Case of Trade Policy
Belfrage, C.J. (2003)

Industrial Tariffs and the Doha Development Agenda   
Bacchetta, M. & B. Bora (2003)

Antidumping and retaliation threats   
Blonigen, B.A. & C.P. Bown (2003)

Trade Policy and Industrial Sector Responses: Using Evolutionary Models to Interpret the Evidence
Erdem, E. & J. Tybout (2003)

Breaking the WTO logjam: towards enforceable special and differential treatment
Stevens, C. (2003)

Crimes and Punishments? Retaliation under the WTO   
Lawrence, R.Z. (2003)

Abstract: It is ironic that the WTO, whose goal is promoting freer trade, authorizes its members to retaliate against violations by raising tariffs. Indeed, at last count, the WTO authorized more protection on US exports to Europe than were removed on these exports as a result of the Uruguay Round. Critics also contend that such retaliation has failed to induce members to comply with its rules, that it undermines national sovereignty, and that it is inherently unfair. The author considers the rationale for retaliation and how it is implemented in practice. He then presents a novel proposal for contingent liberalization commitments, which would improve on the current system while preserving its essential character.

Why is there an Anti-trade Bias in Trade Policy?   
Limão, N. & A. Panagariya (2003)

Labor Standards and the Free Trade Area of the Americas   
Elliott, K.A. (2003)

Economic Implications of China's Accession to the WTO   
Li, Y. (2003)

The Consequences of China's WTO Accession on its Neighbors   
McKibbin, W.J. & W.T. Woo (2003)

An Experimental Test of Strategic Trade Policy   
Engelmann, D. & H-T. Normann (2003)

Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: An Overview   
Winters, L.A. (2004)

Trade Liberalisation and Wages in Developing Countries   
Arbache, J.S., A. Dickerson & F. Green (2004)

Subsidy Agreements | Published   
Bagwell, K. & R.W. Staiger (2004/06)

Preempting Protectionism in Services: The GATS and Outsourcing   
Mattoo, A. & S. Wunsch (2004)

WTO Negotiations on Market Access in Agriculture: a Comparison of Alternative Tariff Cut Proposals for the EU and the US
Bureau, J-C. & L. Salvatici (2004)

Free Trade Agreements: US Strategies and Priorities   
Schott, J.J. (editor) (2004)

Abstract: The sheer number of free trade agreements (FTAs) being pursued by the United States is unprecedented and has provoked major policy questions concerning US interests in the negotiations, the setting of priorities among the prospective FTA partners, the objectives of those partners, and the implications for broader initiatives such as the Doha Round in the World Trade Organization and the Free Trade Area of the Americas. The book makes the conceptual case for FTAs and their implications for the global trading system, examines lessons from past US experience, and analyzes the costs and benefits of specific pacts already being pursued or considered. The book concludes with Schott's recommendations for refocusing US efforts on "big stakes" agreements.

Are Uniform Tariffs Optimal?
Amiti, M. (2004)

Institutions, trade policy and trade flows
Jansen, M. & H.K. Nordås (2004)

Trade policy analysis in the presence of duty drawbacks   
Ianchovichina, E. (2004)

The Rise of U.S. Antidumping Actions in Historical Perspective | Alternative
Irwin, D. (2004)

Trade Policy and Global Poverty   
Cline, W.R. (2004)

Abstract: In the fight to reduce global poverty, policymakers often focus on government aid to poor countries. This study suggests that industrial-country trade policy is an even more powerful means for alleviating poverty. Cline calculates that global free trade would confer income gains of at least $90 billion annually in developing countries for traditional “static” effects and long-term gains, including dynamic effects, of about $200 billion annually. Eliminating industrial-country protection alone would provide long-term gains to developing countries of about $100 billion annually-about twice as much as annual aid. The overall income gains would reduce the number of people in poverty globally by about 500 million by 2015, or by about one-fourth.

Reviving the Doha Round
Schott, J.J. (2004)

Tariff Wars and Trade Deals with Costly Government   
Burbidge, J. & G. Myers (2004)

On the Economic Success of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement   
Bown, C.P. (2004)

The Gains from Trade and Policy Reform Revisited   
Diewert, W.E. & A.D. Woodland (2004)

Trade barriers and wage inequality in a North–South model with technology-driven intra-industry trade   
Beaulieu, E., M. Benarroch & J. Gaisford (2004)

Trade liberalization and intersectoral labor movements   
Wacziarg, R. & J.S. Wallack (2004)

Welfare vs. Market Access: The Implications of Tariff Structure for Tariff Reform | Published   
Anderson, J.E. & J.P. Neary (2004/07)

Trade Integration and Political Turbulence: Environmental Policy Consequence
Fredriksson, P.G. & M. Mani (2004)

Loss Aversion and Trade Policy
Freund, C. & C. Ozden (2004)

The Challenge of Reducing Subsidies and Trade Barriers | Alternative
Anderson, K. (2004)

What Do We Know About Tariff Incidence?
Tokarick, S.P. (2004)

Anti-trade Bias in Trade Policy and General Equilibrium
Limao, N. & A. Panagariya (2004)

Is There Policy Induced Quality Reversal in Intra-Industry Trade Between Developed and Less-Developed Countries?
Kunin, M. & K. Zigic (2004)

On the optimal external tariff of a free trade area with internal market integration   
Mukunoki, H. (2004)

Innovative (Imitative) Effort and Tariffs in Developing Countries: Policy Implications of Different Market Conducts, Government Commitment Levels, and Information (A)symmetries
Ionascu, D. & K. Zigic (2004)

Predicting the Poverty Impacts of Trade Reform
Reimer, J.J. & T.W. Hertel (2004)

Trade Liberalization in a Globalizing World
Faini, R. (2004)

Fundamental dimensions of U.S. trade policy   
Bohara, A.K., A.I. Camargo, T. Grijalva & K. Gawande (2004)

How the Dragon Captured the World Export Markets: Outsourcing and Foreign Investment Lead the Way
Adams, F.G., B. Gangnes & Y. Shachmurove (2004)

China's New Regional Trade Agreements
Antkiewicz, A. & J. Whalley (2004)

Tariff Protection, Intellectual Property Rights and North-South Trade with Perfect Price Flexibility
Ionascu, D. & K. Zigic (2004)

Dismantling Discrimination Against Developing Countries: Access, Rules and Differential Treatment
Hoekman, B. (2004)

Dumping in Developing and Transition Economies
Moraga-González, J.L. & J-M. Viaene (2004)

Anti-Dumping, Intra-Industry Trade and Quality Reversals
Moraga-González, J.L. & J-M. Viaene (2004)

Implicit Mercantilism, Oligopoly, and Trade   
McGuire, M.C. & H. Ohta (2005)

Assessing Protectionism and Subsidies in Agriculture: A Gravity Approach
Paiva, C. (2005)

The Foreign Service and Foreign Trade: Embassies as Export Promotion
Rose, A.K. (2005)

Trade remedies and World Trade Organization dispute settlement: Why are so few challenged?
Bown, C. (2005)

Trade Policy, Income Risk, and Welfare
Krebs, T., P. Krishna & W. Maloney (2005)

When and how should infant industries be protected?   
Melitz, M.J. (2005)

Strategic trade and delegated competition   
Miller, N.H. & A. Pazgal (2005)

Agricultural Liberalization and the Developing Countries: Debunking the Fallacies   
Panagariya, A. (2005)

Issue Linking in Trade Negotiations: Ricardo Revisited or No Pain No Gain   
Horstmann, I.J., J.R. Markusen & J. Robles (2005)

Stable Tariffs and Retaliations   
Oladi, R. (2005)

Coordinating Tariff Reduction and Domestic Tax Reform under Imperfect Competition   
Keen, M. & J.E. Ligthart (2005)

Setting the trade policy agenda : What roles for Economists?
Anderson K. (2005)

Trade preferences and differential treatment of developing countries : a selective survey   REVIEW PAPER
Hoekman, B. & C. Ozden (2005)

Conditional Policies in General Equilibrium
Krishna, K. (2005)

My Policies or Yours: Have OECD Agricultural Policies Affected Incomes in Developing Countries?
Ashraf, N., M. McMillan & A.P. Zwane (2005)

Trade Policy and Illegal Immigration
Bandyopadhyay, S. & R. Takashima (2005)

Tax Revenue and (or?) Trade Liberalization
Baunsgaard, T. & M. Keen (2005)

Certification of Origin as a Non-Tariff Barrier   
Chambolle, C. & E. Giraud-Heraud (2005)

Trade Justice or Free Trade?
Singleton, A. (2005)

Trade policy, cross-border externalities and lobbies: do linked agreements enforce more cooperative outcomes?   
Limão, N. (2005)

Trade and employment: stylized facts and research findings   REVIEW PAPER
Hoekman, B. & L.A. Winters (2005)

Agricultural Negotiations at the WTO: First, Do No Harm   
Polaski, S. (2005)

Tariffs in a Ricardian Model with a Monopolistically Competitive Sector: the Role of Nontradables   
Sen, P. (2005)

Doha Merchandise Trade Reform: What's at Stake for Developing Countries?
Anderson, K., W. Martin & D. van der Mensbrugghe (2005)

Agricultural Liberalization in the Doha Round
Messerlin, P. (2005)

Issues of Manufactures Liberalization and Administered Protection in the Doha Round
Deardorff, A.V. & R.M. Stern (2005)

Services Negotiations in the Doha Round: Promise and Reality
Vastine, J.R. (2005)

An Assessment of the Economic Effects of the Menu of U.S. Trade Policies
Kiyota, K. & R.M. Stern (2005)

Achieving Fairness in the Doha Development Round
Brown, A. & R.M. Stern (2005)

From Seattle to Hong Kong: Are We Getting Anywhere?
Bhagwati, J. (2005)

Non-preferential trading clubs   
Raimondos-Møller, P. & A.D. Woodland (2005)

A Dual Policy Paradox: Why Have Trade and Immigration Policies Always Differed in Labor-Scarce Economies
Hatton, T.J. & J.G. Williamson (2005)

What's So Special about China's Exports?
Rodrik, D. (2006)

Does Import Protection Discourage Exports?
Tokarick, S. (2006)

Do standards matter for export success?
Otsuki, T., M.X. Chen & J.S. Wilson (2006)

The Implications of Trade Barriers for Sectoral Diversification and Macroeconomic Stability in Developing Economies
Srour, G. (2006)

Do safeguard tariffs and antidumping duties open or close technology gaps?   
Crowley, M.A. (2006)

Does Bilateralism Promote Trade? Nineteenth Century Liberalization Revisited
Accominotti, O. & M. Flandreau

The Intervention Principle   
Grinols, E.L. (2006)

National Treatment in the GATT
Horn, H. (2006)

Do global trade distortions still harm developing country farmers?
Anderson, K. & E.V. Ernesto (2006)

Protection and unemployment   
Bradford, S. (2006)

Labor versus capital in trade-policy: The role of ideology and inequality   
Dutt, P. & D. Mitra (2006)

The Theory of Trade Policy and Trade Agreements: A Critique | Published      
Ethier, W.J. (2006/07)

"GATT-think" with Asymmetric Countries   
Epifani, P. & J. Vitaloni (2006)